Wildfire Smoke Presents Respiratory Health Risks

Why it matters locally: South Dakota frequently experiences wildfire smoke plumes originating from large fires out west, particularly during late summer and fall, which can lead to degraded air quality across the state. This guidance on monitoring air quality and taking protective measures is directly applicable to residents when these events occur.

Wildfire smoke, even when not visible, contains microscopic particulate matter capable of affecting human health. Experts indicate that these particles, specifically PM2.5, can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, potentially causing respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Fine particulate matter, measuring 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter, originates from combustion sources like wildfires. Researchers identify it as the most hazardous form of air pollution for human health. Individuals can use the AirNow website and app to monitor hourly air quality. This resource provides information such as the Air Quality Index (AQI) values. An AQI of 50 or below signals good air quality, while numbers exceeding 100 indicate unhealthy conditions for sensitive groups, and values above 150 affect everyone. Dr. Jonathan Parsons, a pulmonologist at Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, advises individuals to check the AQI daily. "If the air quality is unhealthy, reduce outdoor activities, and for those with underlying heart or lung conditions, remain indoors," Parsons stated. Breathing in fine particulate matter can cause irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat. It may also lead to headaches, coughing, sneezing, and shortness of breath. Prolonged exposure carries risks for exacerbating asthma, bronchitis, and developing other long-term respiratory issues. Protecting oneself from wildfire smoke involves several actions. Experts recommend closing windows and doors to prevent smoke from entering homes. Using an air purifier equipped with a HEPA filter can help remove particles from indoor air. Individuals should avoid burning candles, using gas stoves, or vacuuming, as these activities can worsen indoor air quality. Children are particularly vulnerable to air pollution exposure due to developing lungs and higher breathing rates. Similarly, older adults and individuals with pre-existing heart or lung conditions face increased risks. Pregnant individuals also constitute a sensitive population. Surgical masks, such as those worn for COVID-19 prevention, offer minimal protection against wildfire smoke. N95 respirators, however, can provide a tighter seal and filter out fine particles effectively when fitted correctly. Health authorities emphasize the importance of using masks specifically designed to filter particulate matter. If one experiences persistent symptoms like difficulty breathing, chest pain, or dizziness, health professionals advise seeking medical attention immediately.