Supreme Court blocks Trump's removal of Fed board member Cook

The Supreme Court stopped President Trump from removing Federal Reserve board member Lisa Cook, blocking a key element of his effort to reshape the central bank's leadership.

In the same session, however, the court expanded Trump's authority over certain independent federal agencies, creating a split outcome that revealed disagreement among justices about the limits of presidential power.

The rulings signal that the court's approach to executive authority depends on which agency and which statutory protections are involved. The Federal Reserve board member holds a position protected by statute in ways that limit presidential removal power, the justices determined.

Cook, a labor economist, was appointed to the Federal Reserve board by former President Joe Biden and confirmed by the Senate in 2022. Trump sought to remove her after taking office in January 2025.

Federal law restricts the president's ability to remove Federal Reserve governors. Cook's position carries these statutory protections, which the court said remained valid despite Trump's broader claims about executive authority.

The second ruling granted Trump more latitude in directing other independent agencies, though the scope of that authority and which specific agencies were affected remains subject to ongoing legal questions.

The divergent outcomes reflected disagreement among justices about how much deference the Constitution grants to presidential removal power when Congress has placed limits on it through statute. Some justices emphasized presidential authority over the executive branch, while others stressed Congress's power to structure independent agencies with removal protections.

Neither ruling was unanimous, indicating that justices weighed competing constitutional principles differently. The decisions touched on longstanding questions about the separation of powers and the extent to which the president can control federal agencies that operate with some degree of independence from the White House.

The Cook ruling means the Federal Reserve board continues with its current membership structure, at least as far as Trump's removal authority extends. Congress would need to act to change the statutory protections that shield board members from at-will removal.

Federal Reserve board members serve 14-year terms. The structure was designed to insulate monetary policy decisions from short-term political pressure. Cook has one of the positions with that protection.