Hansen’s Disease Cases Rise in Florida, Gainesville Residents Should Be Aware

Hansen’s disease, or leprosy, in Florida: What to know

Gainesville residents should be aware of a rising trend in Hansen’s disease, commonly known as leprosy, across Florida. The chronic infectious disease, which attacks the skin and nerves, has seen an increase in cases over the last decade, with Florida reporting one of the highest infection rates in the United States.

Hansen’s disease is caused by bacteria, primarily Mycobacterium leprae or, rarely, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. While it is uncommon, the number of cases acquired within the U.S. has increased. The disease can cause various skin abnormalities, including thickened skin, nodules, and reddish or light lesions. It also damages peripheral nerves, leading to a loss of sensation, tingling, numbness, and painlessness. Affected nerves can also become enlarged and palpable.

It can take years for symptoms to appear after initial exposure to the slow-growing bacteria, sometimes up to 20 years. However, the disease is treatable and can be cured. Early recognition is crucial, as prolonged symptoms can lead to chronic issues.

Florida has a particularly high rate of locally acquired Hansen’s disease infections. This is largely attributed to the nine-banded armadillo, a natural reservoir for M. leprae, which is prevalent throughout the state. Case numbers often correlate with the armadillo's natural habitat range, including north and central Florida such as the Paynes Prairie Preserve near Gainesville, where an uptick in locally acquired cases has been observed over the last five to ten years.

In 2024, the National Hansen’s Disease Program reported 205 new cases nationwide, with Florida being among the top reporting states. While the exact transmission cycle is still under investigation, transmission from armadillos to humans has been reported, likely through direct or indirect contact.

Residents with concerns about Hansen’s disease are advised to speak with their healthcare provider. Awareness and early diagnosis are key to managing this treatable condition.